Clay minerals are a group of hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates that are commonly found in sedimentary rocks, soils, and sedimentary basins. They are characterized by small particle size, high surface area, and layered crystal structure. Clay minerals play a crucial role in various geological processes, including the formation of sedimentary rocks, the alteration of volcanic rocks, and the weathering of minerals. They also have important industrial applications in ceramics, construction materials, and drilling fluids. Research in this area focuses on the mineralogy, structure, properties, and applications of clay minerals in various environmental, geological, and industrial settings.